Images, Imagery, Symbols, and Symbolism in Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth es

Imagery and Symbolism in Macbeth   Ã‚  Ã‚   In Macbeth, William Shakespeare uses extensive imagery and symbolism throughout the course of his play.   Shakespeare uses this imagery and symbolism so that the reader may gain a deeper understanding and feeling for the happenings of this tragedy.   This is further demonstrated by Shakespeare's use of darkness in Macbeth.   As one of the more noticeable and important symbols, darkness represents many different elements in the play.   First and foremost, darkness is related to sleep;   sleep implies both night, a time of darkness, and a personal darkness when one's eyes are closed.    The first scene which alludes to darkness is Act I, Scene II where the bloody sergeant has just returned from the battle with Macbeth against Macdonwald.   He states, "Shipwrecking storms and direful thunders break."   This simple phrase not only foreshadows the storm that is to come, but it is in contrast to the current events where Macbeth has heroically defeated Macdonwald and the Thane of Cowder.   It seems that even in this time of success fo...

How male/female relationships are portrayed in Macbeth and poems

Male/female relationships are portrayed differently in the poems ‘Porphyria’s Lover’, ‘Havisham’, ‘Cousin Kate’ and the play ‘Macbeth’. They all surround the themes of love, hate, jealousy, betrayal, guilt and obsession. However, the love versus hate theme is most dominant because all of the poems and the play have a melancholy mood, showing how the key characters have been hurt by love through their relationships and how afterwards, the way they feel has also been affected.Shakespeare’s characters Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are initially united by their mutual ambition for power and their relationship is strong. However, over time, they become haunted by the brutal deeds that they have carried out to achieve their aims. They are driven apart by their inner feelings, secrets and guilt. In Act 1 Scene 7 of Macbeth, Lady Macbeth is portrayed as a woman in control over her man, a very odd situation in Jacobean times where t he man would most often be in control of the woman.She is shown as being in control by persuading Macbeth into murdering Duncan, the king. She says, â€Å"Which thou esteem’st the ornament of life, And live a coward in thine own esteem,† to Macbeth, telling him he could have all his desires and the crown, but he is a coward and won’t achieve it. This makes the audience see her as a much less sensitive and respectful woman, compared to the typical Jacobean lady, being restricted and controlled by male dominance in society. At the time the play was written, women had no power or control over anything, and all decisions were made by men.However, Lady Macbeth is the opposite of this, and challenges Macbeth to murder Duncan. While Lady Macbeth is shown as having more power at this point in the play, they aren’t hiding their thoughts or secrets from each other. The audience are shown this by the couple plotting the murder together as a united team and by them d iscussing â€Å"what cannot you and I perform upon the unguarded Duncan†. The effect of this on the audience is very powerful, as it shows how they would plan such a horrible deed together as a team, and don’t hide any of their secrets from each other.Although planning the murder is horrific, they are shown as having a very close relationship at this point in the play, due to the fact that they don’t keep secrets from each other and are willing to plan a murder together. Lady Macbeth in Act 1 Scene 7 is shown to the audience as being quite demanding and persuading towards Macbeth about murdering Duncan. She uses different techniques to try and persuade Macbeth to murder the king, for example, using flattery when she says â€Å"When you durst do it, then you were a man: And, to be more than what you were, you would Be so much more the man.†The techniques she used eventually managed to convince her husband to kill Duncan. The effect of Lady Macbeth using th ese techniques on the audience makes them portray her as quite desperate for Macbeth to kill Duncan and that she acknowledges as a woman she can’t do the deed herself, she does not have enough power to do so. The relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth is shown to the audience as being quite tense at this point, due to Macbeth not wanting to neither murder the king nor disappoint his wife.Another technique she uses as well as flattery is guilt, to make Macbeth feel bad for breaking his promise to her and for not murdering Duncan, allowing Lady Macbeth to become the Queen of Scotland. Lady Macbeth is shown as not acting how a typical Jacobean lady would, calm, innocent and clean, but instead as manly, aggressive and dark-minded. When she is persuading Macbeth to murder Duncan, she says to him, â€Å"I would, while it was smiling in my face, Have pluck’d my nipple from his boneless gums, And dash’d the brains out, had I so sworn as you have done this† .This quote has a very powerful effect on the audience and shows to them how heartless, ruthless and insensitive she is. The symbol of a mother and her baby represents the closest bond of love, yet Lady Macbeth would have been willing to destroy it if she had made a promise to Macbeth. This reveals to the audience that Lady Macbeth is determined to see Duncan murdered. She says she will do anything for Macbeth, and challenges him to do the same for her by murdering Duncan, against his will.In Act 3 Scene 2, after Macbeth has been crowned King of Scotland following the murder of Duncan, Lady Macbeth is no longer portrayed as powerful and dominant. Instead, Macbeth is now in control in their relationship. Lady Macbeth says to one of her servants, â€Å"Say to the king, I would attend his leisure for a few words,† instead of approaching him directly, suggesting that they are becoming more distant from each other. This shows the audience that Lady Macbeth recognises Macbethâ€⠄¢s power as king and is conscious that she should be more reverent towards him.In this scene, Lady Macbeth behaves less aggressively and more sensitively towards Macbeth’s feelings, like a traditional Jacobean wife would towards her husband. She says, â€Å"Gentle my lord, sleek o'er your rugged looks; be bright and jovial among your guests to-night. † From this quote the audience can see that she is trying to calm and soothe Macbeth, suggesting that she feels guilty about convincing him to kill Duncan. She is shown as being quite caring, the opposite of her earlier personality.This makes the audience believe that although she was has been a very strong character, she is able to adjust the way she behaves according to the situation she is in, in this case Macbeth starting to become paranoid and delirious. On the contrary, their relationship at this point is being driven apart; they are keeping their feelings and secrets away from each other. Macbeth, while planning to kill Banquo and Fleance, says to Lady Macbeth, â€Å"Be innocent of the knowledge, dearest chuck, Till thou applaud the deed.†This quote shows the audience that Macbeth doesn’t want Lady Macbeth to know about his plan for killing Banquo and Fleance until he has done it. It shows that Macbeth is isolating himself from everybody else including Lady Macbeth, driving their relationship further and further away. Macbeth, in this scene, becomes overwhelmed by paranoia and the guilt of murdering Duncan. â€Å"We have scorch’d the snake, not kill’d it: She’ll close and be herself, whilst our poor malice Remains in danger of her former tooth. † In conclusion, Macbeth is both a victim of persuasion from his wife and fate, as prophesised by the witches.Lady Macbeth is a very strong influence of his actions in the first part of the play. In the later scene, however, he is in control of her instead and even approaching their deaths, the relationship bet ween them remains intact. The poems ‘Porphyria’s Lover’, ‘Havisham’ and ‘Cousin Kate’ are all based around three key themes; love, betrayal and jealousy. These poems all have a gloomy mood about them and unlike ‘Macbeth’ the central relationship in each of the poems are destroyed by the end of the poem. The relationships in the poems are broken apart by the actions of the male character.Robert Browning’s ‘Porphyria’s Lover’ is very interesting as the mood of the poem changes quite quickly. At the start of the poem, Porphyria is quite controlling of her lover. The reader is shown this by her lover saying, â€Å"She shut out the cold and storm And kneeled and made the cheerless grate Blaze up and all the cottage warm†. This quote shows that as soon as Porphyria has entered, she is adjusting the conditions to suit her, in this case making the cottage warmer. This suggests to the reader that Por phyria likes to be in control, and that she is most dominant in the relationship between her and her lover.The quote â€Å"She sat down by my side And called me. When no voice replied, She put my arm about her waist† shows how when her lover ignores her, she controls his body so that he notices her more. This makes the reader portray her as having quite a forceful and vigorous character and that Porphyria’s lover allows her to control him, suggesting to the reader that he is a weak character. Later on in the poem, Porphyria’s lover is portrayed as being quite obsessive of her. He thinks Porphyria adores him and remarks â€Å"That moment she was mine, mine, fair†.He is deluded about their relationship and believes â€Å"Porphyria worshipped me†. The reader is shown how her lover wants to possess Porphyria as if she is an object of desire, making them question whether he truly loves her. This makes the reader portray the relationship between them as quite tense, since he is very possessive of Porphyria and makes the reader believe he doesn’t truly love her. Porphyria and her lovers’ relationship changes at this point, and instead of loving each other as the audience believes at the start of the poem, Porphyria decides she does not want to be with her lover anymore.Porphyria feels that her pride and class is more important than her love and is believed by her lover to be â€Å"Too weak for all her heart’s endeavour, To set it struggling passion free†. The reader views Porphyria as being quite conscious of her dignity and status in society, and is shown that she believes she is too good for him. This makes the reader question whether she truly loves him or if she doesn’t at all. The relationship at this point in the poem is shown to the reader as being quite tense, due to the fact that Porphyria doesn’t want to be with her lover anymore and wanting to leave him.Porphyria’s lover be lieves that Porphyria wanted to be with him and convinced himself that by killing her he has fulfilled her wish to be with him. â€Å"Porphyria’s love: she guessed now how, Her darling one wish would be heard†. This quote shows to the reader that her lover wishes for her happiness, suggesting that her does truly love her. Their relationship at this point ends, yet they have both achieved their dreams; Porphyria has been able to leave him through death, yet he is happy to have her body as an object of his desire. ‘Havisham’ by Carol Ann Duffy contrasts to ‘Porphyria’s Lover’ in many ways.Firstly, the key character has already been hurt by her lover before the poem has started, unlike ‘Porphyria’s Lover’ where she is hurt at the end. The reader is shown that Havisham has been hurt by her saying â€Å"not a day since then I haven’t wished him dead†. This quote has a very powerful effect on the reader, as i t shows them Havisham’s feelings towards love after she has been hurt by it, and the affect it has had on her, making them empathise with her. The relationship in this poem compared to ‘Porphyria’s Lover’ is very different yet mysterious, due to the fact that the reader is left to guess what has happened previously before the poem.Another reason for why ‘Havisham’ differs from ‘Porphyria’s Lover’ is that the poet has written the poem from the women’s perspective, instead of the man’s like in ‘Porphyria’s Lover’. The key character from ‘Havisham’ is portrayed to the reader as being left heartbroken by her lover and psychologically scarred. She spent â€Å"Whole days in bed cawing Nooooo at the wall†, which shows the reader that she is depressed and has chosen to isolated herself from the rest of society.This suggests that she now feels alone and possibly worthless, the op posite of ‘Porphyria’s Lover’ where Porphyria believes her pride and high class in society is more important than her love. This has an interesting effect on the reader because it shows them the vast effect love can have on people, and how it can change them altogether, just like how Havisham has changed. Furthermore, Havisham says â€Å"beloved sweetheart bastard†, showing the reader that she used to adore her lover, but now hates him and thinks poorly of him. This quote is very effective and Duffy has used oxymoron to express how Havisham feels about her lover to the reader.This is a similar technique to the pathetic fallacy used by Browning in ‘Porphyria’s Lover’ when it says â€Å"The rain set early in tonight, The sullen wind was soon awake†, referring to Porphyria coming to visit her lover. These techniques that the poets use are very effective and hint different messages to the reader about the poems, in the case of Ã¢â‚¬Ë œHavisham’, showing how she used to love him but now despises him. Christina Rossetti’s ‘Cousin Kate’ is similar to ‘Havisham’ by the main female character being hurt by her lover.This is shown by the quote â€Å"He lured me to his palace home, Woe's me for joy thereof, To lead a shameless shameful life, His plaything and his love†. This quote shows the poem is similar to ‘Havisham’ because it shows how the woman was led by the key male character to believe that he loves her, which is different to ‘Porphyria’s Lover’. It is also similar because it uses oxymoron when it says Also in ‘Cousin Kate’, the main character is empathised with by the reader due to the fact that the Great Lord, who she truly loved, left her for her own cousin. â€Å"O cousin Kate, my love was true, Your love was writ in sand†.This quote shows that the key character believes that Kate never loved the Great Lord, and it suggests that she is jealous of her. This is similar to ‘Havisham’ where the key male character leaves her heartbroken and distressed. However, this is different to ‘Porphyria’s Lover’ as the central relationship in ‘Cousin Kate’ doesn’t last until the end of the poem. In conclusion, ‘Macbeth’, ‘Porphyria’s Lover’, ‘Havisham’ and ‘Cousin Kate’ are all similar how they are all based upon the love versus hate theme. In my opinion, the relationships in all three of the poems are very similar, how they have all been hurt through love.However, the relationship in Macbeth is different because the key relationship is shown to the audience as still being intact even through death. All four pieces are linked by having a central relationship between male and female characters, which ends tragically. This is a reoccurring theme throughout the pieces as well as the themes of je alousy, love versus hate, obsession and guilt. The love versus hate theme is very significant, as it is an example of oxymoron itself, as used in the poems. All these pieces are very effective examples of this love versus hate theme represented throughout.

Effects of lobbying and its effectiveness in America Essay

Effects of lobbying and its effectiveness in America Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A lobbyist is anyone with a clear understanding of working of the federal government and the legislative actions taken each day as well as their impacts. He might represent an individual, a party, company or a group of people (Hrebanar, 2009). Yearly, many dollars are spent on lobbyists in Washington DC. We shall discuss about the effects and effectiveness in this city.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For a start, not every American citizen can approach members of the Congress or to government officials to have their interests addressed. Anyone who has an issue seeks the help of lobbyists who represents their interests to the congress. The fee charged is high but one is fully represented and listened to. They represent anyone who seeks their help not the interest of all citizens. This is a direct form of corruption.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The lobbying companies make a lot of profits based on the purpose of forming the company. The benefits may be in terms of direct cash, reduction of taxes or being awarded any contract of government. This is a form of corruption and unfairness because the citizens who cannot afford to approach them can’t win such tenders or have any interest in the congress.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many companies opt to pay lobbyists who in turn help them evade paying the corporate tax of 35%. The whole process is facilitated by politicians receiving money from the lobbyists (Waterhouse, 2013). This leads to reduction in the income of the country in terms of taxes collected thus the economy is also affected. Living standards of citizens also become poorer because they are forced to pay more taxes for the government to operate efficiently.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since lobbyists have a great impact on the laws passed in the Congress, some important regulations may be passed in favor of corporations which carry out illegal activities such as emission of poisonous gases to the atmosphere or trafficking of drugs. Congress members and other officers in governmentare paid to help in passing these regulations. This is harmful to the general public since the products affect them negatively. In this case, environmentalpollution through poisonous gases increases cases of cancer and. Practical examples of such companies are tobacco and extraction companies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lobbyists are not always effective even though they have much influence in the government and its officials. The court is always a fair representer of the normal citizens and it may rule that a regulation should not be passed because of its impact on the American society. A good example is when the court stopped the FDA tried to introduce the generic version of Lovenox but the court stopped the procedure despite the huge sums of money the company spend on lobbying. In addition, there are leaders in power who don’t accept any type of bribes so the influence of lobbyists does not affect their decisions pertaining some regulations or policies. These leaders condemn fully the activities of lobbyists hence the regulations passed and enforced in the country are in favor of the citizen’s not individual groups or companies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, lobbyism is rampant in America especially in Washington and the results of such groups may affect the normal citizens positively or negatively. A significant amount of capital is spent on lobbying which reduces the net income on taxes hence affecting the economy. The health and normal lives of citizens are largely affected by lobbyism. Luckily, they are not effective always thus some of their policies are neglected especially by the court and no-corrupt officers. The best way possible out of this is through campaigns to alert government officials of the effects of lobbying. References Hrebenar, R. J., & Morgan, B. B. (2009).Lobbying in America: A reference handbook. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO. Waterhouse, B. C. (2013). Lobbying America: The politics of business from Nixon to NAFTA. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Source document

Pink Dear Mr President Essay

-This refers to President Bush’s widely debated â€Å"No Child Left Behind† program, in which federal funding for schools is contingent on standardized test scores. The program has been praised by supporters for its aim to raise the bar for teachers and push for continued education, as well as its basis in literacy support and individual school accountability. It has also been berated for creating a narrow curriculum because of limited focus of the standardized tests, inadequate funding, allegations of test score manipulation and its clause to guarantee the facilitation of military recruitment during introductions to higher education. -This refers to President Bush’s adamant pro-life stance. In accordance with the teachings of Bush’s Methodist faith, President Bush believes that life begins at conception. Therefore, he has a track record of opposing all proposals that interfere with life before birth. This also includes most stem-cell research proposals. And what kind of father might hate his own daughter if she were gay? -Again, in accordance with standard Methodist teachings, Bush is opposed to homosexual unions. In particular, President Bush has pushed for the â€Å"Marriage Protection Amendment,† a piece of legislature which would define marriage as the union between a man and a woman. Bush has met controversy during his term when it was revealed that Dick Cheney’s daughter was openly gay and having a child with her partner. I can only imagine what the first lady has to say You’ve come a long way from whiskey and cocaine. -This refers to allegations that Bush had an affinity for alcohol in his youth. Pink refers to cocaine here because of Bush’s supposed arrest and ensuing discovery of cocaine possession in 1972. Bush neither confirms nor denies these allegations, saying only â€Å"when I was young and irresponsible, I was young and irresponsible.† Regardless of your political viewpoints, Pink’s song is a thought provoking listen. While I have attempted to remain neutral in this piece, the song stirs your opinion either to one side or the other. As it ends with the words, â€Å"Dear Mr. President, you’d never take a walk with me, would you?† I urge you to use it to spur discussions of your own.

Characteristic She Walks in Beauty Essay

What does this poem seem to be about? This poem seems to be about a person who’s describing or expressing a girl’s appearance and how her personality is. | | Words: Were the words in this poem difficult or easy to understand? Was there any word or phrase that was powerful to you? The word or phrase that was powerful to me was â€Å"She walks in beauty, like the night†| | Images: Did the poet create strong images? What could you see, hear, smell, taste, or feel? The poet created very strong images in my mind such as how the girl might look. I felt calm when I was reading the poem. | | Figurative Language: What poetic devices were used in this poem? What did these poetic devices do for the poem? Did these devices help create imagery or communicate the author’s feelings? The poetic device that was used in the poem was simile. In the phrase â€Å"She walks in beauty, like the night†, it states like or as, so therefore it is a simile. The poetic device conveyed what the poem means more. | | Emotion: What emotion was the author trying to express? I think the author was in peace and he is probably in love. | | Structure: How is the poem organized (lines, stanzas, etc. )? The poem is organized in 3 stanzas. What is unique or interesting about the structure of the poem? Does the poem rhyme? Something that is unique about the poem is that uses words such as o’er. It looks like it has been written a long time ago. Yes, this poem has rhyming words such as night, bright, and light. | | Meaning: What is the poem saying about life or love? The author is voicing his love for a girl. Do you agree or disagree with this message? Explain. I agree with this message because everyone will always have a lover in their life. Are there any other reasonable ways to interpret this poem? Another reasonable way to interpret this poem is that a lover will one day come into your heart. | | Publication: What kind of magazine or other publication would be the best place for this type of poem? The magazine that would be perfect for this poem is Cloud Nine. Cloud Nine has articles about people who are in love. The way that the author writes this poem seems that he is in love. He is describing the girl in a calm, peaceful, and adorable way. The poem starts off with â€Å"She walks in beauty, like the night†. This statement clearly states that it will perfectly fit with the Cloud Nine Magazine.

Battle Of The Beasts Essay Research Paper

Battle Of The Animals Essay, Research Paper In 1954, with nil but their originative heads, the Toho Movie company produced the first elephantine monster film. Japan s Godzilla was brought to life. In 1998, with nil but Lucas Arts particular effects, and a name which guaranteed a blockbuster, the Centropolis Movie Company produced the All American Godzilla Flick. U.S.A. has eventually found its ain Godzilla. But is this new animal better than the Asiatic one? Despite the technological progresss and successful advertisement, the U.S. Godzilla has truly no comparing to the Nipponese one. Cinema has changed a batch in 45 old ages. In the times of King Kong and Dracula, # 8221 ; chilling # 8221 ; had a really important significance. Nowadays we are excessively smart for that. To do a batch of money, one might state a scientific discipline fiction film needs to look existent. In this regard, the American film is far better. The American audiences want to see an exciting film. In this regard besides, the American film is better. The film is besides, in most respects, a better film so any which came out in Japan. It is non nevertheless, Godzilla. The American monster doesn t even look like Godzilla. The visual aspect of Japan s Godzilla is better. The American Godzilla leans frontward at the hips when he walks. He has triangular bony home bases and a thin pointy tail. His oral cavity is like an iguana s. The Nipponese Godzilla is non a lizard. He is a mutated animal unlike any other. His bony home bases are really flimsy growings that are all over the topographic point. Godzilla, who was meant to mean atomic holocaust, besides closely resembles a human. In this manner, we can see a character out of him, non merely another elephantine lizard. His eyes are both pointed forward like a human, he walks unsloped like a human, and he has long forearms like a human. Godzilla doesn T have graduated tables, he has large perpendicular channels in a leathery tegument. He has a broad stance, muscular legs, and an look that merely takes some peoples breath off. And his illustriousness goes far beyond his expressions ; you can besides see it in his bosom. The Nipponese Godzilla is better because he has a psyche. He is powerful, yet sometimes defeated. He is an unstoppable force of nature, but besides a warrior. Godzilla is a elephantine monster, but he is besides a character. His face has looks, and he has a batch of motive. Such minute nsters are about non-existent in American civilization besides a few. King Kong, Frankenstein, and Dracula are all successful because the monster made sense. If the audience can t experience regretful or understanding for an evil animal, the animal has non done its occupation. Today s American audiences do non hold monsters with psyches. Our monster films are about the people in the movies, non the monsters. For illustration, Alien, Predator, Jurassic Park, Jaws. They are large computerized props. The audience has no emotion towards them. When they are on the screen sometimes we might desire them off. The American Godzilla is a lizard, nil more, even if it looks realistic. Last, the Nipponese Godzilla is better in the regard that it does non look existent. No Godzilla film has of all time been 100 % realistic. The U.S.A. Godzilla movie is realistic. When an audience tickers it, they believe their eyes. When you watch a Nipponese Godzilla film you can appreciate the fact that it is a film. It neer one time seems existent. The audience can play over the eldritch scientific discipline and rubber suits in their heads. Nipponese Godzilla films aren t existent, they re fictious ; beyond existent. They are like we imagine when we read a book. Most of all nevertheless, Japan s Godzilla is fun to watch, America s is non. America s Godzilla is merely a cool lizard from the find channel. We have possibly to many particular effects. Ever since Jurassic Parks improbably realistic dinosaurs, we are non as excited by the awful lizards we see and read about. When something fabulous becomes existent, it is no longer every bit interesting as it was earlier. One of the best Godzilla films of all time made would hold to be Godzilla V. King Kong. The conflict between the big E and west monster. There are a batch of good scenes in it, including when King Kong shoves a large tree down Godzilla s pharynx, and he coughs it back up. At the terminal King Kong and Godzilla are contending when they all of a sudden fall over the side of a drop. They fall in H2O, and King Kong is seen swimming to shore, presumptively stating Godzilla is dead. But is he? Remember he can swim underwater! Godzilla International Relations and Security Network t an animate being. He isn t a lizard or a firedrake or a dinosaur or even a cat in a gum elastic costume. Godzilla is a universe broad film fable. Truly, Godzilla is excessively large to melt off. Godzilla is truly one of a sort.

Helicobacter pylori in gastrointestinal disorders Essay

Helicobacter pylori in gastrointestinal disorders - Essay Example pylori is the production of urease (Graham & Sung, 2006). H.pylori infection is typically acquired in childhood, and affects children by the age of 10-years in developing countries (Graham & Sung, 2006). In developed countries, an age-related increase in prevalence of the disease is seen (Graham & Sung, 2006). Humans are the primary reservoir of infection and the primary mode of transmission is person to person (Graham & Sung, 2006). Oral-to-oral transmission is supported by the finding of H. pylori in dental plaque and saliva by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) while fecal-to-oral transmission is supported by the finding of H. pylori in stool by culture and PCR (Graham & Sung, 2006). Gastro-oral transmission is also possible but more evidence is needed (Graham & Sung, 2006). The ability of H. pylori to colonize and damage gastric mucosal cells is determined by the immune gene polymorphisms of the host and the gastric acid secretion (Kusters, van Vliet, Kuipers, 2006). In addition, bacterial virulence factors like the cytotoxin-associated gene pathogenicity island-encoded protein (CagA) and the vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) help in the colonization (Kusters, van Vliet, Kuipers, 2006) and also triggers the host inflammatory response by activating the nuclear factor kappaB-dependent gene transcription (Zarrilli, Ricci, Romano, 1999). â€Å"Urease and/or motility of the bacterium, presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and various bacterial enzymes† are also known to affect the colonization (Lee, 2005.) The healing of the gastric mucosa is also impaired â€Å"through inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent signal transduction pathways and induction of apoptosis† (Zarrilli, Ricci, Romano, 1999). H. pylori infection also may lead to the progression from chronic gastritis to gastric adenocarcinoma (Zarrilli, Ricci, Romano, 1999). The â€Å"cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI), which encodes the type IV secretion